Cambridge IELTS 17 - TEST 1 - READING PASSAGE 2

 

Stadiums: past, present, and future

A. Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th- and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras. Today, however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair. But this need not be the case. History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and adapt to the culture of every age. Even today, architects and planners are finding new ways to adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which	architecture= design, building, style vast= huge, enormous, massive empire= a group of countries ruled by a single person, government, or country construction= building, creation, development medieval= of or from the middle ages (= the period in the past from about 500 to 1500) cathedral= a very large, usually stone, building for christian worship grand= large, huge, massive station= depot, terminal, stop dominate= to be the largest or most noticeable part of something skyline= the shape of objects against the sky, esp. buildings in a city regard= think, consider, deem scepticism= disbelief, doubt, uncertainty soar= rise, escalate, rocket major= most important, main, key notably= especially, particularly, remarkably fall into= to gradually get into a particular condition, especially to get into a bad condition (not) the case= (not) true drive= push, force, propel adapt= fit, modify, adjust age= period, time, era architect= designer, engineer, builder mono-functional= having a single function arena= sports ground, stadium, pitch
became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century. B. The amphitheatre* of Aries in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is perhaps the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century, and was then transformed into a village containing more than 200 houses. With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights, thereby returning the structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles. Another example is the imposing arena of Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 spectators, which was built 60 years before the Aries amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome's famous Colosseum. It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world's prime sites for opera, thanks to its outstanding acoustics. C. The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca, known as the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, is yet another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric of the city. The site evolved in a similar way to Aries and was progressively filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot and a prison. But rather than reverting to an arena, it became a market square, designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini. Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square. D. There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches. Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat. E. But many of today's most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the city. Among the current strategies, two seem to be having particular success: the stadium as an urban hub, and as a power plant.	emblematic= symbolic, representative, characteristic capacity= volume, size, space spectator= viewer, watcher, observer versatile= flexible, adaptable, multipurpose fortress= a large, strong building or group of buildings that can be defended from attack interest= concern, attention, notice conservation= protection, preservation, maintenance convert= change, switch, alter staging= performance, presentation, production thereby= so, thus, in that way venue= site, location, setting spectacle= event, performance, display imposing= impressive, striking, magnificent endure= last, survive, persist prime= excellent, first-rate, top-notch outstanding= wonderful, excellent, exceptional acoustic= sound, audio, auditory absorb= incorporate, merge, integrate the fabric of= the structure or parts of something evolve= grow, progress, develop progressively= gradually, little by little, with time depot= storehouse, warehouse, storage area ruin= debris, wreckage, remains embed= incorporate, lodge, fix residence= a home intend= designate, aim, plan reinforced concrete= concrete that contains metal rods to make it stronger make use of= use, utilize, exploit accessible= available, nearby, easy to get to general public= population, citizens, ordinary people innovative= modern, novel, groundbreaking scope= opportunity, possibility, chance particular= specific, exact, certain hub= the central or main part of something where there is most activity power plant= a factory where electricity is produced
There's a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars, children's playgrounds and green space. Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces compactness and multi-functionality, making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate urban spaces. This opens the space up to families and a wider cross- section of society, instead of catering only to sportspeople and supporters. There have been many examples of this in the UK: the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the world. F. The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, without significant energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these purposes, because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high enough (more than 40 metres) to make use of micro wind turbines. Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants, which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter, inaugurated in 2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use. This is proof that a stadium can serve its city, and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO2 emissions. G. Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities. In every era, the stadium has acquired new value and uses: from military fortress to residential village, public space to theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering. The stadium of today now brings together multiple functions, thus helping cities to create a sustainable future. * amphitheatre: (especially in Greek and Roman architecture) an open circular or oval building with a central space surrounded by tiers of seats for spectators, for the presentation of dramatic or sporting events	equip= provide, give, furnish retail outlet= a store that sells goods to the public conference= meeting, seminar, discussion reinforce= strengthen, bolster, support compactness= neatness, smallness, trimness regenerate= renew, redevelop, restart open sth up to= to make something available cross-section=representation, sample cater= serve, provide for, accommodate sportspeople= athlete, sports player supporter= fan, follower, enthusiast blueprint=prototype, example arise from= stem from, result from, develop out of integrate= mix, add, combine interconnected= connected, joined, interrelated by means of= by, via, using grid= network, net, web detect= discover, notice, identify usage= the way something is treated or used significant= large, big, sizable canopy= top, covering, roof photovoltaic= able to produce electricity from light panel= board, pane, sheet micro= very small turbine= a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to produce power wave= trend, tendency, movement inaugurate= install, launch, initiate in use= working, in operation, active proof= evidence, confirmation, facts decidedly= definitely, obviously, undoubtedly central= vital, essential, key era= period, time, age acquire= get, obtain, gain military= armed, soldierly, fighting residential= housing, inhabited, populated field= ground, arena, pitch experimentation= research, testing, investigation advanced= developed, superior, sophisticated bring together= combine, mix, gather sustainable= maintainable, supportable, defensible